伪/唯美主义者——唯美主义与反唯美主义之争

Aesthete or Pseudo-artist:The Battle between Aestheticism and Anti-aestheticism

本文借助布迪厄关于文学场域内部斗争的理论,讨论唯美主义与反唯美主义之间的诡异关系:反唯美主义几乎与唯美主义同时产生,其漫画与喜剧甚至比唯美主义的作品更为流行,正是它的反作用使得唯美主义广为人知,并塑造了唯美主义者的经典形象:王尔德与其说是其原型莫若说是戏仿。然而,长期以来反唯美主义为唯美主义研究领域的盲点,批评家以一种简化和对立的视角看待两派之间的关系,将王尔德和唯美主义者视为精英艺术家和英雄,将反唯美主义者视为迫害"天才"的非利士人。实际上,唯美主义和反唯美主义共同构建了纯艺术的神话与自律的艺术领域。唯美主义与反唯美主义之争的一个核心是"伪/唯美主义者",即所谓真正的艺术家身份,它标志着文学合法性的垄断。

The paper explores the intriguing relationship between Aestheticism and Anti-aestheticism in the light of Pierre Bourdieu's theory about the internal struggles within the literary field:Anti-aestheticism came into being almost at the same time as Aestheticism and its satirical cartoons and comedies were even more popular than the serious works of Aestheticism;it is Anti-aestheticism that made Aestheticism widely known and created the stereotype of the Aesthete — Oscar Wilde is more a parody than a prototype.However,Anti-aestheticism has been the blind spot in the research field:critics view Wilde and Aesthetes as the elite artist and hero and Anti-aesthetes as the philistine public persecuting 'genius'.In truth,the myth of pure art and art's autonomy results from their combined efforts;their arguments revolve around 'Aesthete':whether it is the real artist or the pseudo-artist,that is,the monopoly of the literary legitimacy.