言论自由、媒介技术与宪法抗辩——美国言论自由技术管制的历史演变

Freedom of Speech,Media Technology,and Constitutional Defenses——From the History of Technical Regulation in Freedom of Speech in U.S.A

通讯媒介的长足发展给言论自由带来了实现的契机,也给社会治理带来了挑战。本文回溯美国在过去100年对通讯媒介和言论自由的从紧到宽松、从宽松到从紧的管制历程,分析通讯媒介的更新发展给美国政府的秩序考虑带来的挑战,辨识其在不同历史时段中的治理逻辑、心理恐慌以及背后所存在的宪法抗辩逻辑。从历史的长时段发展来看,尽管针对通讯媒介的发展而呈现的秩序焦虑有所减弱,但其间的反复纠结也向我们再一次揭明:在关注通讯媒介上所承载的自由言论对秩序产生冲击的同时,要更为关注通讯媒介实现言论自由的扩展、增强公民自我治理能力的功能,重视通讯媒介的宪法机能,重新调整言论自由和通讯媒介的关系。

The development of communication media has promoted freedom of speech while introducing challenges for social governance. This article traces baek in the past 100 years US regulation of communication media and freedom of speech, which experiences loose and tight regulation in succession and finally returning to loose regulation. Also, this article analyses the challenges brought in by the development of eommunieation media on the order safety of American government, differentiates related governance logic, psychological fear and the logic of constitutional defenses behind them. From the point of historical development, though the fear about order safety foeused on the development of communication media has heen decreased, the intricacy of relative govern- ance has once again showed that we need focus more on the functions the communication media has. It is this function that makes the freedom of speech come true and enhances the civil self-governance agency, more on its constitutional function, than on the impact on social order it has when affiliated with free speech. It is time to readjust the relationship between freedom of speech and communication media.