族群与教育不平等我国西部少数民族教育获得的一项实证研究

Ethnic Groups and Educational Inequalities:An Empirical Study of the Educational Attainment of the Ethnic Minorities in Western China

本文通过梳理国内外有关族群(民族)分层的文献,认为有必要把"民族"纳入到中国的市场转型和社会分层理论框架之中,并从教育获得的角度对这一问题进行实证分析。影响中国少数民族教育获得的因素主要包括:城乡地域区隔、职业结构(阶层)、文化差异和国家政治进程(政策变迁)。基于对2004年中国西部抽样调查数据分析,作者发现:(1)基础教育阶段入学的族群差异主要由城乡差别和阶层不平等造成,族群不平等已不显著;(2)少数民族子女高中升学概率依然显著低于汉族,其原因部分在于城乡、地域和阶层因素,部分在于少数民族和汉族的文化差异(如语言环境)等因素;(3)与汉族教育不平等的代际传递模式不同,少数民族教育不平等的代际传承以资源转化模式为主,从而影响了不同族群在教育扩展中的获益程度。总体而言,虽然中国西部少数民族的教育获得仍显著落后于汉族,但其教育不平等更多地来自城乡和阶层之间的差异。

Through reviewing the literature both at home and abroad on educational stratification, this paper demonstrates the need to incorporate ethnicity in China＇s market transition and the social stratification theory. Furthermore, ethnicity should be empirically examined from the angle of educational attainment. The main factors which affect ethnic minorities＇ educational attainment are： urban-rural geographical disparities, occupational structures （classes）, cultural differences, and political processes. An analysis of the data from the 2004 survey of Western China has revealed the following linings： 1） the ethnic gap in basic education can mainly be explained by urban-rural and class background differences, with the effect of the ethnic variable being not significant ; 2） the odds of high school enrollment of ethnic minorities are still lower than Han＇s （Han is the majority group）, the differences being explainable in part by the urban-rural geographical and class disparities and in part by the cultural differences （such as language contexts） between ethnic minorities and; and 3） ethnic minorities＇ inter-generational education reproduction differs in pattern from that of Han＇s, with the former being mainly in the form of Resource Transfer in contrast to the latter＇ s coexistence of Resource Transfer and Cultural Reproduction-such patter differences in turn differentiate the benefits from the educational expansion by different ethnic groups. In sum, although the educational attainment of the ethnic minorities in Western China is significantly lower than that of Han, the inequalities are results of urban-rural and class differences.