法律论证中的因果关系研究--兼论法律论证中的逻辑关系

Research on Causation in Legal Argumentation——Currently on Logic Relation in Legal Argumentation

法律论证要证成结论的合法性和合理性,重要的是对前提的考量。法律论证往往重视对大前提即法律规范的论证,而忽视了事实命题。事实命题恰恰是整个法律论证的基石,而因果关系又是事实命题的核心部分。在法律论证中,不仅需要厘清事件与结果之间的某种联系,而且需要得到法律命题与事实命题结合得出法律结论所蕴涵的逻辑关系之确信。在事件与结果的关联中,行为作为法律因果关系的异常条件是其中的关键所在,但是法律中由行为作为核心构成的事件与结果的因果关系只是基础关系,另外还存在责任成立逻辑关系和责任范围逻辑关系。故在进行法律论证时,建立一种基础融贯和类型的方法来论证法律因果关系是极为必要的。同时,在法律论证中对因果关系和逻辑关系予以区分,形成一种基于因果关系和逻辑关系的因果观,是保证结论可接受的基本要求之一。

The legal argumentation should justify the legitimacy and reasonableness of the conclusion, particularly the assumption. The major assumption, namely the norm proposition can be properly concerned while the fact proposition is often neglected, which turns out to be the cornerstone of legal argumentation. Cau- sation is the core of fact proposition. In legal argumentation, the connection between facts and conclusion should be clarified; accordingly, the logic between norm proposition and fact proposition should be ascertained to reach the conclusion. The conduct is an abnormal condition and acts as the key in causation of law, but such causation is the fundamental relation, besides, logic relations of liability and its scope should also be jus- tiffed. Therefore, the fundamentally coherent and categorized methods are quite necessary for justifying causa- tion in law. Further, the logic relation should be separated from causation to establish a general vision of cau- sation based on logic and causation so as to guarantee the acceptability of conclusion.