2Hmelo, C. E. Problem-based learning: Effects on the early acquisition of cognitive akill in medicine[J]. The Journal of the Learning Science,1998,7(2):173-208.
3Majoor GD,Schmidt HG, Snellen-Balendong HAM, Moust JHC, Stalenhoef-HallingB. Construction of problems for problem-based learning In: Z Nooman, HG Schmidt, ES Ezzat,eds[J]. Innovation in Medical Education. New York: Springer, 1990,144-22.
4Hamm C.Critiques of self-education[J].Can J Educ,1982,7:82-106.
5Blumberg P, Michael JA.Development of self-directed learning behaviors in a partially teacher-directed problem-based learning curriculum[J].Teaching Learning Med,1992,2:3-8.
6Dolmans HJM, Schmidt HG. What drives the student in problem-based learning?[J].Med Educ,1994,28:372-80.
7Towle A , Cottrell D. Self-directed learning[J].Arch Dis Child,1996,74:357-359.
8Dolmans DHJM, Snellen-Balendong H, Wolfhagen IHAP, Van Der Vleuten CPMSeven principles of effective case design for a problem-based curriculum[J].Med Teacher,1997,19:185-9.
9Henry R, Byrne K, Engel C.Imperatives in Medical Education[M]. Newcastle: University of Newcastle,1997.
10Neill PAO, Morris J, Baxter Chloe-Maryse. Evaluation of a integrated curriculum using problem-based learning in a clinical environment: the Manchester experience[J].Med Educ,2000,34:222-230.
