明清陕晋商帮地位变迁探微

Status Changes of Shaanxi & Shanxi Merchants in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明代,陕晋商帮同时崛起并长期位居全国十大商帮前列,清代,晋商与徽商分执商界牛耳,形成"南徽北晋"格局,而陕商退居第三直至沦为商界末流角色。陕晋商帮的地位变更代表着他们实力的消长,立足于两大商帮的发展轨迹,分析出导致这种地位变迁的因素有四个方面:第一,晋商的合伙制为主经营管理模式优于陕商的家族经营管理模式。第二,晋商选拔培养人才环节胜过陕商,秦地重儒轻商与晋省重商经商不同社会风尚造成两地经商人才的落差。第三,陕商与官府关系疏远,晋商注重与官府的公关活动,晋商得以在不同时期保商权拓展商路。第四,陕晋商帮遭受的战乱破坏程度和时间上有差异。

In the Ming Dynasty,the Shaanxi and Shanxi merchants rose at the same time and maintained the top of China＇s ten major commercial groups for a long time.In the Qing Dynasty,the Shanxi and Huizhou merchants held the first,while the Shaanxi merchants followed them in the third or even later reduced to a more inferior role.The change of status of Shaanxi and Shanxi merchants represents the rise-and-down of their strength.Based on the development course of the two great commercial groups in Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces,the results of analysis show that the change of their status results from four aspects.The first is that the Shanxi merchants＇ management model of partnership is superior to Shaanxi merchants＇ family business mode.Second,the Shanxi merchants＇ do better job in selecting and cultivating business talents than Shaanxi merchants＇,as the Shaanxi merchants prefer Confucianism to business but the Shanxi merchants devote to business,and different social customs causes the gap in business talents.Third,Shaanxi merchants are not as good as Shanxi merchants at keeping proper relation with government officials or taking advantages to protect and expand their business.Fourth,the merchants in two provinces suffered different degree of damage of war.