肠道微生态系统及其与宿主的协同进化

Gut microbiota and their co-evolution with host

肠道微生态系统是寄生在宿主肠道内的微生物的总和。微生物进入肠道后,通过一个复杂的过程形成群落,与宿主之间相互作用,形成共生关系。宿主客观上为微生物提供生存和进化场所,微生态系统为宿主提供营养物质、刺激肠道组织的发育、刺激宿主肠道免疫系统的发育、影响宿主能量代谢、协助宿主降解有毒物质、影响宿主生殖活动和寿命等功能。作为一个进化的系统,微生态系统的物种多样性和丰富度对维持宿主正常生理功能具有重要作用,但同时又受宿主的影响,物种间相互作用和宿主-微生物间的相互作用是微生态系统进化的动力。进化主要表现在微生物和宿主基因组上发生适应性变化。因此,系统生态学的理论对理解肠道微生态系统的运行机制和临床应用具有重要指导作用。

Gut microbiota is a community of microorganisms colonizing in the gut of host.Microorganisms colonize in the gut via a very complex process of interactions between microorganisms and host and among species.The host provides a place for the survival and evolution of microorganisms,and as return,microbiota benefits the host by providing essential nutrients,stimulating the development of gut and its immunosystem,affecting energetic metabolism,degrading toxins in food and impacting on the reproductive properties and longevity of host etc.These functions thank to the species diversity and abundance of gut microbiota that play essential role in maintenance of the completeness and normality of the microsystem and are significantly impacted by the host.The evolution of gut microbiota is driven by interactions amongst microorganisms and between microorganisms and host that resulting in the adaptive changes in their genome.Therefore,theories of systematic ecology may play important role in understanding the running mechanisms of gut microbiota and in guidance of clinical practice.