明代的“私塾”与“塾师”

"Old-style Private Schools" and "Private Tutors" in Ming Dynasty

私塾教育,在明代发展到了前所未有的鼎盛时期。尤其是科举体制的相对开放,与政府社会教化政策的大力推行,"私塾"的分布与发展,也呈现出更为纵深化的发展趋势,并日渐成为明代"私学"中的一个主体部分。"私塾"的这种纵深化发展,不仅促动了社会基础教育的发展与兴盛,也促动了塾师职业群体人数与社会规模的极大增长。不过,这种增长在很大程度上已远远超出了"私塾"及其对"塾师"社会需求的增长速度,而呈现出了一种"供大于求"的相对失衡的社会局面。

Old-style private education had reached unprecedented heyday in Ming dynasty.Because of the relative openness in imperial examination system and the powerful practice of educational policy by the government and the society,the distribution and development of＂Old-style Private Schools ＂are characterized by the tendency of more deepened development and increasingly became a main component of ＂private education＂ in Ming Dynasty.The deepened development of＂Old-style Private Schools ＂not only enhanced the development and prosperity of the elementary education in the society,but also the great increase in the number of private tutors and in the scale.However,the increase greatly exceeded the social demand for such private schools and private tutors,and there emerged the imbalance of ＂supply exceeding demand＂.