约瑟夫·奈的软权力理论及其启示

Joseph S. Nye’s Theory on Soft Power and Its Inspiration

约瑟夫·奈的"软权力"概念是政治学和社会学领域里"权力"概念的延伸。奈对软权力的定义是,软权力是"使其他人想要你想要的后果"的能力。1989年,奈最初提出软权力理论的目的是想要证明美国并没有衰落。2002年,当奈进一步发展其软权力理论时,他是为了批评以单边主义、先发制人、用硬权力来实现政权变更为特征的布什政府的外交政策。他强调,在今天的全球化时代,软权力比过去更为重要,它可以扩大一国的影响力,并增强一国外交政策在其他国家眼中的合法性;为了维持美国的全球领导地位,美国应当把硬性的军事力量和软性的吸引力结合起来,使之成为"巧权力"。奈认为,软权力有三个主要资源:文化、价值观念和与其相一致的政治制度以及外交政策,其中价值观念和政治制度是核心。以奈的软权力理论为基础,作者提出了自己关于中国软权力资源的看法,即中国的软权力资源是中国的文化、经济发展模式和外交政策。

Joseph Nye’s concept of 'soft power' is an extension of 'power' in political science and sociology.Soft power,according to Nye,is defined as the capacity of 'getting others to want the outcomes that you want.' In 1989 Nye initiated his theory on soft power to prove that the American power was not declining;in 2002 Nye further developed the theory for purposes of criticizing the Bush administration’s foreign policy characterized by unilateralism,preemption,and regime change by using hard power.Nye argues that in the era of globalization,soft power is more important than ever since it helps to expand a country’s influence and establish the legitimacy of its action in other countries’ eyes.To maintain its world leadership,the U.S.should carry out an integrated grand strategy that combines hard military power with soft 'attractive power' to create 'smart power.' Nye believes that there are three sources of soft power:culture,values and relevant political system,and foreign policy.Based on Nye’s theory of soft power,the authors conclude that the sources of China’s soft power are China’s culture,the mode of economic development and foreign policy.