黑洞的搜寻和证认(I):现状

Detection and Confirmation of Black Holes (I): Current Status

简要介绍有关黑洞的理论及其表现形式，详细综述在星系中心及X射线双星中搜寻和证认黑洞的原理、方法及现状．在星系层次，除活动星系核中心可能存在的黑洞外，在邻近星系中已找到至少11个黑洞候选者，但观测所及的最小尺度仍比黑洞视界高几个量级。在恒星层次，利用动力学判据，人们己在大质量X射线双星和软X射线暂现源中找到至少10个强候选者，并利用辐射判据找到更多的候选者，但目前仍然没有找到黑洞双星区别于中子星双星的决定性判据．所有这些说明，迄今尚未找到充足的证据证明黑洞的存在。

The theory of black holes and their possible appearances are briefly introduced. The principles, methods, as well as the current status of black holes' detecting and confirming both in the galactic centers and in the X-ray binaries are reviewed. On the galactic scale, besides the possible black holes dwelling in the centers of active glactic nuclei (AGNs), at least 11 black hole candidates have been detected in the nearby galactic centers. However, the smallest scale observed is still several orders of magnitude larger than the event horizon of black holes. On the stellar scale, people have detected at least 10 strong black hole candidates in high mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) and soft X-ray transients (SXTs) using the dynamical criterion, and some more using the radiation criteria. But no conclusive criterion is available so far to distinguish black hole binaries (BHBs) from the neutron star binaries (NSBs). All these indicate that no adequate evidence has been found to confirm the existence of the black holes in nature.