司法的冒险:美国宪法审查中的司法能动

Judicial Adventure:Judicial Activism in the United States Constitutional Review

司法能动,作为一种司法者的宪法审查哲学,是在美国宪法审查实践过程中逐步形成的,它和与之对立的司法自制哲学交替主导着美国不同历史时期的宪法审查实践过程。通过颇有政治企图的斯科特案和否决立法规制的洛克纳案可直观感性地认知司法能动概貌。本文在评介此两案基础上将能动司法之特征概括为三个方面即踩踏政治棘丛、创造新的权利和影响公共政策形成,其总体特性就是司法的冒险。

Judicial activism,as the judicial philosophy of the constitutional review of American Justice,gradually materialized in the process of constitutional review practice in the United States,and it dominates the American constitutional review practice of the different historical periods alternatively with the oppositional judicial philosophy judicial self-restraint.We can intuitively perceive the philosophy of judicial activism through the case of Scott which was accompanied by a much political attempt and the case of Lochner which vetoed legislative regulation.On the basis of the review of these two cases,this paper holds that the dynamic characteristics of the judicial activism can be summarized as three respects,namely:stamping on political thicket,creating new rights and influencing public policy formation.All these share the common characteristics of so-called 'judicial adventure'.