基于Parrondo悖论博弈的生物系统中合作进化研究

Research on Evolution of Cooperation among Biological System Based on Parrondo's Paradox Game

从生物进化理论的两个基础即生存竞争和适者生存出发,提出在个体生存和进化过程中存在两种博弈关系:个体之间的零和博弈及个体与自然之间的负博弈,设计一种Parrondo悖论博弈游戏以模拟生物种群中个体的生存模式,研究个体间合作的产生和发展。结果表明:合作是个体对自然选择的一种适应性,合作小群体中的个体相对于种群中其它不合作的个体,具有生存优势;个体合作产生的另一积极效果是使种群在与自然的博弈中获得正收益,一个种群中合作的个体越多,这个种群越具有生存优势-完全由自私个体组成的种群将被自然淘汰;保守合作策略具有良好的初始成活性,可通过小群体的方式有效侵入不合作的种群,同时还具有稳定性,不合作的小群体不能有效侵入保守合作的种群;以家庭、家族等为单位的小群体构成的生物种群,各个小群体内部合作,小群体之间竞争,这种构成方式不仅利于小群体中的个体生存,也推动了整个种群的生存繁衍,这个结论与绝大多数生物系统的观察资料一致。

From the two foundations of biological evolutionary theory, struggle for existence and survival of the fittest, two kinds of game relationships are proposed in the individual survival and evolutionary process： one is zero-sum game among individuals and the other is negative sum game between individuals and nature. One kind of Parrondo＇ s games is devised for simulating survival mode of individual in biological population and for researching generation and development of cooperation among individuals. The results show that cooperation is adaptability of individual reaction of nature selection. Compared to other non-cooperative individuals, cooperative individuals of small group have survival advantage. Secondly, another positive effect resulting from individual cooperation is that population can obtain positive return when it games with nature. The more amounts of cooperative individuals in a population, the stronger survival advantage exists. Population completely consisting of selfish individuals will be eliminated by nature. Thirdly, strategy of conservative cooperation has excellent initial activity. It can effectively invade non-cooperative population by means of small population structure which is strongly stable, while non-cooperative small groups cannot invade into conservative cooperative population effectively. Finally, biological population is composed of small groups based on internal cooperation in each small group and competition among small groups. Each small group is composed of family as a unit. This constitution not only benefits individual survival of small groups, but also promotes propagation of the whole population. This conclusion is consistent with most observations of biological systems.