日本古代国家疫病祭祀中的鬼神观念

Concept of Supernatural Beings in the National Gods-sacrificing System of Ancient Japan

镇花祭、道飨祭和疫神祭是日本古代国家神祇祭祀体系中的与疫病有关的祭祀。本文主要是分析这三个祭祀中蕴含的与疫病有关的鬼神观念。镇花祭体现了日本传统的"神作祟"观念,道飨祭是一个混合了中日两种文化因素的祭祀,一方面其思想依据是鬼魅、特别是中国的疫鬼观念;另一方面,道飨祭对于鬼魅的态度并非中国式的暴力威胁,而依然采取日本原有对待神的恭敬态度。疫神祭中的"疫神"则是把中国的疫鬼改造为日本式的"神",纳入日本原有的神祇信仰的话语体系。文章的创新之处在于从疫病祭祀的角度对三个祭祀进行整体把握,发现道飨祭和疫神祭的鬼神观念均来源于中国的"疫鬼",以及日本原有的"神"观念对中国的"疫鬼"观念的改造,从而形成国家的神道祭祀中本国文化与外来文化融合共存的状态。

Hanasizumenomaturi,Mitiaenomaturi and Ekijinsai are three epidemic-related sacrifices in the national Gods-sacrificing system of ancient Japan. This paper studied their disease-related concepts of supernatural beings. Hanasizumenomaturi reflects the traditional idea of 'the punishment from Gods' in Japan. Mitiaenomaturi is based on the concept of ghosts,especially Chinese ghost,which spread epidemic diseases. However,different from Chinese crude attitude towards the Ghost,Japanese respects the Ghost as a God in Mitiaenomaturi. The God worshipped in Ekijinsai is also a transformation of Chinese ghost which spreads epidemic diseases,which is absorbed in the original Japanese-style Gods-worshiping system. From above analysis,we can find that the concepts of supernatural beings in Mitiaenomaturi and Ekijinsai were both derived from Chinese ghost and mixed with Japan's original concept of 'Kami'(God). Therefore,Japan's national Gods-sacrificing system is a coexistence of local and alien cultures.