基于GIS和NFM的耕地作物推荐种植研究——以江汉平原后湖农场为例

Optimization of Planting Patterns Based on GIS and the Niche-Fitness Model: A Case Study on the Houhu Farm Areas in the Jianghan Plain

以江汉平原后湖地区耕地为研究对象,应用生态位适宜度理论,以50m×50m栅格作为评价单元,对各单元水稻、小麦、棉花和油菜4种作物的生态位适宜度值及限制因子进行了定量分析,并提出了发挥最大资源优势和获取最高经济收益方案下各评价单元的最优推荐轮作模式。结果表明,研究区生境条件整体较好,以最适宜和适宜两级为主,最大生态位适宜度值达0.9186;研究区有效硼、有效锌含量低,已成为该区域限制土壤生产潜力发挥的重要因素;同季作物以水稻、小麦的生态适宜性较高,适宜面积较大,分别占到72.1%和71.93%;最大资源优势方案下,水稻-小麦轮作方式的推荐范围最广,其次为水稻-油菜、棉花-小麦和棉花-油菜;最大经济收益方案与农业生产实践布局有高度的吻合性,棉花-小麦的推荐范围最广,依次为水稻-小麦、棉花-油菜和水稻-油菜。该研究结果能直接指导农业生产实践,促进研究区耕地资源的合理利用与管理。

The niche-fitness model developed on the basis of niche can reflect the fitness degree of crops to environmental conditions relatively well. It can also be utilized to analyze factors restricting the growth of crops. However, there has little work on suitability evaluation especially multi-suitability evaluation on tillage by applying the niche-fitness theory. Based on the niche-fitness model, in the present work, the authors performed a study on optimization planting types over the Houhu Farm areas in the Jianghan Plain at a evaluation resolution of 50 m×50 m and quantified the niche fitness and limiting factors for a variety of crops containing rice, wheat, cotton and rape through incorporating weight and limiting factors models. In addition, optimization rotation program at the evaluation unit for giving full play to resource advantages or optimization economy scenarios were obtained. Under the optimization resource advantage scenario, niche fitness （NF） values were compared between crops growing in the same quarter. Then the crop with a relatively larger NF value was taken as the recommended crop in a season. Under the optimization benefit scenario, the lower limit of suitable level NF value was compared between crops growing in the same quarter; likewise, the larger was thought of the maximum value of the lower limit of suitable level （V1）. If the NF value for different crops in the same season were all larger than V1, it corresponded to the situation that the crop which could result in better benefits was taken as the recommended crop （in this study, cotton and wheat were taken as the better benefit crops）. Otherwise, the crop with larger NF values was taken as the recommended crop in the season in that adjusting crop in this condition would lead to a great risk in yield reductions. Results indicated that the NF values in this area were at medium and high levels which could basically meet the requirement for crops, and the maximum of NF value reached 0.9186. Soil suitability for crops over the southeast and northwest of the study area was at a low level. It was shown that available boron and available zinc were primary niche factors restricting tillage productive potential in this area. The suitable areas for rice and wheat were shown to be adequately utilized in each season. The area of optimization planting type about rice-wheat rotating pattern was also maximal and the rice-rape rotating pattern followed. The area of optimization planting type about cotton-wheat rotating pattern was maximal and rice-wheat rotating pattern followed. In terms of field investigations, the latter planting type was in accord with reality. These results would provide guiding principles for agricultural production and be conducive to the improvement in utilization and effective management for cultivated land resources.