近50年海南岛红树林群落的变化及其与环境关系分析--以东寨港、三亚河和青梅港红树林自然保护区为例

Analysis on the Relationship between Mangrove and Environment Change in Hainan Island in the Past 50 years:A Case Study of Dongzhai Harbor,Sanya River and Qingmei Harbor Mangrove Nature Protection Area

选取海南岛东寨港、三亚河和青梅港红树林自然保护区为研究对象,在1959年和2008年的数据基础上,分析了近50年海南岛红树林种类、群落和面积的变化与环境之间的关系。在50年内,三地的红树植物相对灭绝种类比例小,只有三亚河种类变化较大,从26种减少为20种(另有2个引入种),东寨港和青梅港则分别仅减少1种。从群落类型面积变化分析可知,50年来三地主要群落的损失率均在41﹪以上,所毁灭的群落以近岸的内缘种为优势的群落为主,主要是海莲,尖瓣海莲,木榄群落和角果木群落等,并存在单优种群落向多种混合的多优种群落的演替,种群濒危,矮化和面积碎化现象突出。50年来三地红树林总面积也大为减小,东寨港和青梅港减少53﹪左右,而三亚河则减少92﹪。近50年来红树林的变化与环境关系表明,自然环境要素梯度变化形成了红树林群落空间分布和群落垂直分层的分异性。而社会(生产)环境要素的发展过程不但改变了红树林群落空间分布格局,还影响群落种群和外貌的趋同性。

Based on the data of 1959 and 2008 and previous researches, the relationship between mangrove and environment changes in Dongzhai Harbor, Sanya River and Qingmei Harbor mangrove nature reserves of Hainan Island is analyzed. In past 50 years, the mangrove species in three reserves plants exterminates little, except in Sanya River reserve the change is great from 26 to 20（including 2 introduction plants） while Dongzhai Harbor and Qingmei Harbor just reduce 1 specie. Considering the area of mangrove community in 3 studied areas, the main community＇s loss is above 41%. And it is most serious in Sanya River reserve, which the loss is above 93 %. The community which is dominated by near-shore posterior margin is easy to be lost, such as Bruguiera sexangula, B.sexangula vat. Rhynchopetala, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and Ceriops tagal. And the communities with single-superior species are likely to success to those with multi-superior species. The phenomenon of species exterminating, plants dwarfing and area fragmentation is prominent. The total area of mangrove in all 3 studied areas is reducing seriously in past 50 years, which in Dongzhai Harbor and Qingmei Harbor reserves are about 53 %, while in Sanya River is about 92 %. From the change of the mangrove and its environment in last 50years, it shows that the gradient change of natural environment factors form the difference of mangrove community spatial distribution and the vertical lamination. While the social factors change the mangrove community spatial distribution, the homoplasy of community population and their appearance.