非市场经济主体与反补贴制度关系研究——以美国反补贴法为视角

A Study on the Relationship between Non-market Economies and Anti-subsidy Law——From the Perspective of the American Anti-subsidy Law

非市场经济主体不是一个法律命题,而是源自关贸总协定期间各缔约方的实践。反补贴制度是否适用于非市场经济主体?世贸组织成员之间有不同的标准。美国的反补贴法虽然对此没有明确规定,但是,1984年联邦第二巡回上诉法院在"钾碱案"中的裁决确立了美国反补贴法不适用于非市场经济主体的司法先例。国人曾普遍认为中国的市场经济主体地位被承认之前,世贸组织成员不会对中国采取反补贴措施。最近发生在中美之间的"铜版纸案"和"反倾销与反补贴案"引发了对非市场经济主体实施反补贴制裁是否违反多边贸易协议规定的争议。事实上,补贴与反补贴协议的适用对象并不区分市场经济主体与非市场经济主体。美国的做法没有违反多边贸易协议的规定,而是打破了不向非市场经济主体适用反补贴法的国内司法先例。

Non-market economy is not a legal issue, but a political one. There are no uniform criteria among WTO members as to whether a domestic anti-subsidy law applies to other non-market economies. The US anti-subsidy law has no provisions for this critical issue. The ruling made by the Second Federal Circuit Court of Appeals in the Potash Case, however, established a judicial precedent where the US anti-subsidy law does not apply to those non-market economies. It is generally believed in China that the US government will not impose countervailing duties on imports from China. The recent Coated Free Sheet Paper Case and Definitive Anti-Dumping and Countervailing Duty Case between China and the United States have brought the issue to the front again. Although it is too early to predict the results of these two cases, it is high time that the Chinese government considered reforming its export subsidy mechanism instead of waiting till China is conferred the market economy status by the United States.