“客主以首引”辨——论“客主以首引”成为赋的文体象征

The Argument about "the Form of Debate" On "the Form of Debate" as a Style Symbol of Ode

"客主以首引"为赋的体制之一。所谓"客主":或为真实人物,或为虚构人物,或客为虚构人物而主为自己,或为假托人物;"客主"对话,有时会出现在篇末。"客主以首引"有利于赋的"风(讽)谏"的展开,一是使讽谏有的放矢,所谓讽谏什么;二是讽谏不直指帝王而直指"客",很好地完成委婉进言的讽谏。"客主以首引"的一问一答又为赋作叙事情节的层层演进提供了绝好的形式,并使赋作有人物形象与故事情节。"客主以首引"使《答客难》之类赋作可以以批驳对方的质疑来自我展开励志抒怀。有的赋不立"客主以首引",如《文选》赋"志"类作品特别强调自我立志,《文选》赋"纪行"类、"游览"类、"江海"类作品是游走式的构成方式,这是赋作自身特殊意味所决定的。中古赋序的大量产生,一定程度上是受到"客主以首引"的影响。"客主以首引"已经成为赋的文体象征,也是文学作品追溯"记言"传统、追溯语言交流功能的象征。

Debate is a form of Ode.The affirmative and the negative can be real or fabled,or the affirmative is real while the negative is fabled,or represented by objects.The debate sometimes appears in the end. ＂The form of debate＂ is propitious to the expansion of ＂the irony and expostulation＂,because first,the irony and expostulation have a definite object in view,in other words,what is irony and expostulation;and second,the irony and expostulation indicates ＂the negative＂ instead of the monarch,which meets the need of euphemism. ＂Debate＂ with the style of ＂question to answer＂ provides a perfect form for the development of the narration of ode,and also endows ode with figures and stories.With ＂the form of debate＂,some odes,like Da Ke Nan（Hard to answer the question）,can express its ideas by means of criticizing the negative＇s censure.Some odes do not use ＂the form of debate＂,such as the odes on ideals in Analects which emphasize self-expression,and some odes on traveling,visiting and oceans and rivers in Analects uses the form of consciousness,since these are determined by their own characters.The numerous prefaces of odes in ancient China is,to some extent,are influenced by ＂the form of debate＂. ＂The form of debate＂ has become the style symbol of ode,as well as the symbol of literature carrying up the tradition of recording and the function of communication.