殷墟文化发生的环境背景及人类活动的影响

GENERATION OF YINXU CULTURE:ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND AND IMPACTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES

不同农业单元122个表土样品花粉分析结果表明,安阳地区表土花粉组合中草本植物花粉含量最高,以禾本科、蒿属、藜科和十字花科为主,乔木植物花粉百分含量较低,以松属、桦属、胡桃属、黄栌属、栎属为主,应为西部太行山区传播而来。汪家店和茶店陂两个全新世地层自然剖面孢粉分析表明,约10000cal.aB.P.以前,安阳地区分布着以松属、栎属、桦属等为主的落叶阔叶林;约10000～8200cal.aB.P.,气候变暖,降水量增加,森林植被中夹杂着常绿栎等亚热带树种;约8200～3400cal.aB.P.,安阳地区进入全新世大暖期,森林植被演变为亚热带落叶阔叶和常绿阔叶混交林;商王朝在安阳地区建都后(3400cal.aB.P.后),乔木植物花粉急剧减少,草本植物花粉和中华卷柏百分含量升高,表明森林被大量砍伐,砍伐后的林地开垦为农田,主要种植禾本科等农作物;两条剖面上部的冲积层中出现大量中华卷柏孢子,表明森林植被破坏后水土流失加剧。古地貌面孢粉分析也证明殷商时期安阳地区生长有亚热带落叶阔叶和常绿阔叶混交林,气候和植被条件适于野象生存;殷墟附近为禾本科农作物花粉高含量区,表明殷商时期农业已具一定规模。

In this study,we did two items of sporopollen analysis. The different agricultural units（farm lands, vegetable plots, wastelands and the second item involved Wangjiedian profile and Chadianpo first item invelved 122 surface soil samples from , cape-lands, woodlands, etc. ） in the Anyang area profile. The analytical results of the first item show that herbaceous pollens are the highest in percentage content, mainly from Poaceae,Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Cruciferae, whereas arboreal pollens are lower in percentage content, mainly from Pinus,Betula, Juglans, Cotinus, Quercu,transported from Taihang Mountains by wind. The analytical results of the second item revealed four periods： 11500 -10000cal. aB. P.,that is, the Younger Dryas Event period,in which the Anyang area was covered with deciduous broad-leaved forest comprised of Pinus, Quercus,Betula; 10000 -8200cal. aB. P. ,in which climate became warm,precipitation increased,and semi-tropical evergreen trees appeared such as evergreen Quercus, Fagus, and Carya ; about 8200 - 3400cal. aB. P., which was the Megathermal Period of Holocene, characterized by warm climate, high precipitation, and semi-tropical mixed forest of deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen broad-leaved; and after 3400cal. aB. P.,that is,the flourishing time of Yin Culture. In the fourth period, arboreal pollen decreased sharply and SelagineUa sinensis spore and herbaceous pollen increased obviously, suggesting serious deforestation and agriculture development. A lot of Selaginella sinensis spore pollen in the upper alluviums of the two profiles were indicators of soil erosion intentifying after forest destruction.