中国古代家养动物的动物考古学研究

ZOOARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY ON THE DOMESTIC ANIMALS IN ANCIENT CHINA

鉴定家养动物的系列方法包括形体测量、病理现象、年龄结构、性别特征、数量比例、考古现象、食性分析、DNA研究等。按照迄今为止出土的动物骨骼资料,中国主要家养动物开始出现的时间和种类依次为距今10000年左右出现狗,距今9000年左右出现猪,距今5000多年出现绵羊,距今4000多年出现黄牛,距今约3700年左右出现马和山羊,距今约3600年左右出现鸡。中国古代家养动物出现的模式可以分为直接在当地驯化和通过文化交流从其他地区引进这样两种。

The methods of identification of domestic animals includes morphological measurements, pathologies, age structures,sexual characteristics, ratios of quantity, archaeological contexts, diet analysis and DNA research. The domestic animals appeared in China at different time and in different areas. Based on zooarchaeological data known today,the earliest domestic dog was found from the Nanzhuangtou site, dated to about 10000aB. P.,located in the Xushui County, Hebei Province,based on the study of morphological measurements. The earliest domestic pig was found from the Jiahu site,dated to about 9000 aB. P.,located in Wuyang County,Henan Province,based on the study of morphological measurements ,pathologies ,age structures, ratios of quantity, as well as archaeological contexts. The earliest sheep was found from the sites dated to about 5000aB. P. , based on the study of archaeological contexts,such as the Shizhaocun site of Tianshui City, Gansu Province and the Hetaozhuang site of Minhe County,Qinghai Province. The earliest domestic cattle was found from the sites dated to about 4000aB. P., based on the study of morphological measurements,ratios of quantity, as well as archaeological contexts,such as the Shantaisi site of Zhecheng County and the Pingliangtai site of Huaiyang City,Henan Province. The earliest domestic goat was found from the Erlitou site, dated to about 3700aB. P.,located in Yanshi City,Henan Province,based on the study of morphological measurements and ratios of quantity. The earliest domestic horse was found from the Dahezhuang site and the Qinweijia site,dated to about 3700aB. P., located in Yongjing County, Gansu Province, based on the study of archaeological contexts. The earliest domestic chicken was found from the Dadianzi site, dated to 3600aB. P., located in Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia Province, based on the study of archaeological contexts. The domestic animals in China were originated from two ways, domesticated in China and introduced from other areas through cultural contact.