山西芮城清凉寺墓地出土人骨的稳定同位素分析

STABLE ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF HUMAN BONES FROM THE QIANGLIANG TEMPLE GRAVEYARD,RUICHENG COUNTY,SHANXI PROVINCE

对山西芮城新石器时代的清凉寺墓地出土的仰韶文化和龙山文化两个阶段人骨中C和N同位素进行了分析,研究了先民的食谱特征和生活经济形式,探讨了不同性别之间食物结构的差异以及不同阶段食谱的变化趋势。所有人骨样品的C和N含量以及C/N摩尔比,均表明人骨样品保存较好,可用于食谱分析。骨胶原的C和N稳定同位素分析结果显示,清凉寺地区史前先民的食物结构中包括C_4类植物和少量以C_4类植物为食的动物,反映了先民以种植粟、黍等作物的农业形式,并辅以饲养家畜为生的经济模式;发现男性比女性获取肉类食物相对较多,可能是由于当时男女社会分工不同的缘故;此外,从仰韶文化到龙山文化时期,山西芮城清凉寺先民获取植物性食物资源没有明显变化,但肉类资源有所增加,反映了此时的农业生产逐渐趋向更为稳定,家畜饲养有了进一步的发展。

The Qingliang Temple graveyard is located in Qingliang Temple village of Ximo Town, northeast of Ruicheng County,Shanxi Province. The graveyard was excavated on a large scale by Archaeology Institute of Shanxi Province and other Archaeological units in 2004. There were 262 tombs to have been discovered with some significant information. The graveyard was of the Neolithic period covering the two stages Yangshao Culture and Longshan Culture. The graveyard is of great significance for studying the origin of the Central Plains region civilization. In recent years, stable isotope analysis of mammal bones has increasingly become one of the powerful methods of palaeodietary analysis in the world. In order to reconstruct the dietary structure of ancient people, we collected 27 human bone samples from the Qingliang Temple graveyard and measured their carbon and nitrogen isotopes. In general,if the mol ratios of C/N in bone samples fall within the standard range of 2.9 - 3.6, these bone samples should be well preserved enough to be used in palaeodietary research. All 27 human bone samples have the mol ratios of C/N ranging from 2.97 to 3.26, so they were believed to be uncontaminated and can be used as palaeodietary study. Stable isotopic analysis of 27 bone samples gives the following resuhs： -7.12‰ ~ - 10.10‰ for δ^13C and 6. 12‰ - 10.57‰ for δ^15N. These data show that the dietary structure of ancient Qingliang Temple people mainly included C4 plants and a few animals lived on C4 plants,which might reflect such an economic mode： dominated by cultivating of millet and other C4 crops and supplemented by livestock. By the one-way ANOVA analysis,it was found that bone samples of different genders had significant difference in δ^15N（ F 6. 732〉Fcrit 4. 279 ） but not in δ^13C （ F 0. 046〈Fcrit 4. 279 ）. This result suggests that men would eat more meat than women, which might be related to social division of labor. The C and N stable isotopes in bone samples of different periods had the following changes： δ^13C had little change from Yangshao Culture to Longshan Culture, but δ^15N increased. This result shows that the agricultural production of planting millet and other C4 crops was stable from Yangshao Culture to Longshan Culture, but livestock had a further development.