矿山-河流系统中重金属污染的地球化学研究

Geochemistry of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Mine-river System

立足于矿山及纳污河流生态系统,从重金属污染源研究入手,分析了尾矿重金属淋滤释放规律和影响因素;阐述了重金属在矿山及相关河流系统中的迁移、转化和富集过程及其对生态环境的影响;总结和评述了现有的矿山环境重金属污染的评价方法,指出了今后的研究重点:努力减少尾矿中重金属向环境释放,逐步实现矿床的无废开采;设计不同条件和影响因素下的尾矿淋滤实验,加强酸性废水和尾矿重金属淋滤释放规律的研究,建立酸性矿山废水和重金属释放的预测模型;运用微量元素、稀土元素和高精度的Pb、S同位素测试手段,示踪重金属的来源及其运移途径;运用3S技术和高新技术手段提取和识别环境地球化学信息,加强矿山-河流系统重金属污染及其生态环境影响的监测;运用地球化学工程技术和植物修复技术治理矿山环境及其影响流域的污染。

Heavy metals pollution at mine sites can be characterized by many pollution elements,complicated element speciation,superimposition of other pollutants,long history of pollution,difficult to be remediated,and so on.This paper focused on mine-river ecosystems,analyzed the release rules of heavy metal in tailings by leaching and its influence factors,investigated migration,transformation,and accumulation processes of heavy metals and their impacts on the ecological environment.Having reviewed methods of heavy metal pollution evaluating in the mine environments,this paper proposed that the future research should be focused on the followings,such as,how to reduce heavy metals emissions and gradually achieve non-waste mining;conduct tailings leaching experiments at different conditions and under different influence factors;enhance researches on the acid drainage of mine and mechanism of heavy metal releasing during leaching;set up prediction models for the release of acid mine drainage and heavy metal;use methods of trace elements,rare earth elements and Pb,S isotopes to trace the source and migration path of heavy metals;use 3S and advanced technologies to extract and to identify environmental geochemical information;monitor heavy metal pollution in mine-river systems and its influence on eco-environments;apply geochemical engineering techniques and phyto-remediation techniques to rehabilitate environments of mining and drainage areas.