中国汉代记载的五星运动精度考查

The Accuracy Analysis of Five-planet Movements Recorded in China in the Han Dynasty

五星运动的观测与研究是古代历法重要内容之一,也是检验历法疏密的主要方法之一,因此深受古代天文学家重视.《汉书·天文志》和《续汉书·天文志》记载有具体时间和位置的五星运动约160条.利用现代天文计算方法,对诸条进行计算、验证、分析与研究,并将正误结果用图和表反映出来.结果表明:160条记录中绝大多数是准确和比较准确的,占77.5%.错误的仅有36条,占22.5%.此外,160条行星运动记录中,其中有3种典型的或者说特殊的运动形态,即"守"、"合"、"犯"的运动分别占总数9%(14条),14%(22条)和29%(46条).对这3种特殊的运动形态进行了深入细致的分析研究,结果列于图表中.研究表明:汉代的行星运动记录为观测实录,至于36条错误记录,错误原因是多方面的,但主要是后人对观测资料加工、整理、编辑和出版时造成的.

The observations and researches of five-planet are one of the important part of ancient calendars and also one of the methods to evaluate their accuracies. So astronomers paid much attention to this field. In 《Hanshu · Tian wen zhi》 and 《Xuhanshu · Tian wen zhi》, there are 160 records with detailed dates and positions, which are calculated and studied by the modern astronomical method in this paper. The calculated results show that these positions are mostly correct, taking up 77.5% of the total records. While the rest 36 records are incorrect, taking up 22.5%. In addition, there are three typical or special forms of five-planet movements. The numbers of ＂shou＂, ＂he＂, ＂fan＂ movements are 14, 22 and 46, taking up 9%, 14% and 29%, respectively. In this paper, a detailed research on these three typical forms of five-planet movements is carried out. We think that the 36 incorrect records are caused by various reasons, but mainly in the data processes carried out by later generations.