哈萨克斯坦水资源利用

Situation of water resources utilization in Kazakhstan

哈萨克斯坦水资源总量丰富,但分布差异较大。在低地平原河网较密集,并从北向南逐步递减,东部山区降水丰富,河流分布也较多。常年大型河流多分布在边远地区,中部则多为季节性河流。在开发利用方面,该国引水量主要来自河流等地表水,农业用水占据了总用水量中的绝大部分,是影响全国用水变化的主要因素。由于水资源分布不均、气候变化和地表水过度开发、耕地面积增加、浪费等自然与人为因素,哈萨克斯坦存在着水资源供应相对紧张、局部水体面积缩小、污染状况严重以及与跨境水资源分配等亟待解决的问题。

The water resources of Kazakhstan take many forms such as rivers, lakes, glaciers and underground water. There are greater differences in its distribution of water resources--the river system density in the lowland plains is denser than that in othere areas and gradually decreases from north to south. The distribution of perennial large rivers is more in the remote areas and the many seasonal rivers distribute in the central part. In the field of development and utilization of water resources, the surface water is a major source of water utilization and agriculuse water accounts for a large part of water consumption, it is also main factor of increasing water consumption in the recent years. Because of uneven distribution of water resources, climate change, over-exploitation, waste, increasing irrigated area and other natural and man-made factors, there are some issues in Kazakhstan, such as shortage of water resources, water pollution, water area narrowing, allocation of trans-boundary water resource and other serious problem.