语言中两大基本语义语法范畴:“动态”与“静态”——从“了”谈起

Two Major Semantic and Grammatical Categories in Language: "Dynamic" and "Stative"-Talking from "le"

"动态"与"静态"是所有人类语言中都具有的两大语义语法范畴,它是外部世界运动与静止的对立统一关系在人类语言中投射的结果;动态范畴是绝对的,静态范畴是相对的,静态范畴是动态范畴的一种特殊存在形式,两者之间既相互对立又可以相互渗透、相互转化;动态范畴不等同于体范畴,应对"动态范畴"作广义理解;现代汉语中的"了"是一个典型的动态标记;从"动态"与"静态"的角度出发可以对汉语中一些非连续性语义成分间的相互限制选择关系作出通俗、简明的解释。

The ＂dynamic＂ and the ＂stative＂ are two major semantic and grammatical categories of human languages,reflecting the unity of opposites between external motion and rest in languages.Category of the dynamic is absolute,while that of the stative relative,being a special existence state of the dynamic;they can mutually fuse with and transform into each other;Dynamic category is not equal to aspect category,and ＂dynamic category＂ should be understood in a broad sense;＂le＂ in modern Chinese language remains a typical dynamic symbol;in the view of ＂dynamic＂ and ＂stative＂,we can have a concise and simple explanation of mutual restriction and selection between non-continuous semantic elements in Chinese language.