古巴1990年以后的经济改革与新农民化

20世纪90年代早期,经济改革推动了古巴的社会变革,古巴进入了社会变革的新时期。社会变革的一些方面与传统的结构调整相似,而其他方面则与之有所不同。农业方面,国营农场被改造成为各种合作社,进一步细分了合作社的生产力,解放了农产品市场,以及把土地分割给小佃农。通过采访决策者和合作社的领导,并对古巴西部和东部进行调查,可以发现,20世纪90年代的古巴有两个重要特点:一是出现了"新农民化"现象;二是这两个地区的收入差距即使没有扩大,也依旧存在。然而,即使是在最贫穷的地区,小农户的收入还是比雇佣工人的平均收入要高一些,而在其他地区,则是高出许多。总的来说,古巴的经济危机迫使古巴的农业政策朝着巩固小农户地位的方向调整。

In early 1990s, Cuba＇s social transformation was given a spur by her economic reform. This round of social transformation was similar with previous structural readjustments in some respects but different in other respects. In agriculture, state-run farms were turned into various kinds of co-operatives, and their productive forces were further divided. Farm produce markets were given a free hand to develop. Lands were carved up and allotted to tenant farmers. Through my interviews with decision-makers and co-operative leaders, as well as my field researches in the western and eastern regions of Cuba, I explored the impact of the current reform on the small farming households. I found two striking characteristics in 1990s. First, there appeared a rush to ＂become farmers.＂ Second, the income disparity between the two regions had remained, if not widened. However, even in the poorest regions, the average income of the small farming households was still higher than that of hired workers, and it was much higher in other regions. In general, the economic crisis has driven Cuba＇s agricultural policy towards enhancing the status of the small farming households.