《美国竞争法》执行阻滞原因探析

Study on the Reasons of the Implementation Obstacles of "America COMPETES Act"

本文参照政策执行的"冲突性-模糊性"模型,分析了《美国竞争法》执行中受到阻滞的原因。认为阻滞的本质并非"钱的问题",而是法案形成过程中科技政策和教育政策"形式联盟"中所固有的张力。次贷危机触发了财政资源短缺的矛盾,进而将执行从试验性尝试推向了政治性博弈。在"意愿"层面的争夺中,科技政策系成功地利用总统换届顺利进入到话语和制度体系当中,并获得了额外的资源。而法案中原本作为重头戏的教育部分,则因失语而进入了象征性执行的阶段。然而,政策执行的阻滞并不会威胁到美国的竞争力,"人才危机"也只不过是政治修辞。《美国竞争法》的制定和执行,都为我国利用全球经济危机的机遇实现追赶提供了良好的政策学习的范本。

Using the ＂ambiguity-conflict＂ policy implementation model, this paper analyzes the obstacles of the implementation of ＂America COMPETES Act＂ （ACA）, and puts forward that the essential of the obstacles is ＂not a matter of money＂ but the tension of the ＂seeming alliance＂ of the S＆T and education policy in the course of ACA formed. Financial resource deficiency is triggered by the financial crisis, and the implementation of ACA moves from the experimental trial to political game phase. The S＆T policies go into the discourse and institution system by taking the opportunity of president election, and win the extra resource in the ＂will competition＂. While the education which is supposed to be the most important part of ACA, is excluded to the symbolic implementation state by contrast. But the U.S. will not lose its competitive advantage, and the ＂talent emergency＂ is just a political rhetoric. Whatever, the formation and implication of ACA does provide a good example for China to make use of the opportunity created by the global economic crisis.