塔里木河下游政区与交通变化所反映的历史环境变迁

Historical Environment Vicissitudes of Lower Reaches of the Tarim River Reflected by Change of Administrative Zones and Transportation

利用历史文献和考古成果,结合野外调研,研究历史时期以来塔里木河下游的行政变化和交通变迁,在此基础上分析了下游生态环境的演变特征。研究认为,从细石器到汉晋时期,塔里木河下游气候湿润,生态环境比较稳定,人类活动从原始经济向城邦文明稳步演进,对外交通便利,形成塔里木盆地东部重要的鄯善(楼兰)独立王国;东晋以后,气候逐渐变干,下游对外联系的主要交通枢纽和交通线路废弃,鄯善国消亡,塔里木河下游绿洲成为封闭的游牧区;18世纪中期以后气候湿润,下游绿洲归属于吐鲁番政区管辖,对外联系比较方便;19世纪末期,气候变化剧烈,趋向干旱,塔里木河下游与吐鲁番之间的政区、交通联系中断,开始属于塔里木河流域的上一级行政区管辖。

The change of administration zone and transportation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River during historical times was analyzed on the base of historical documents, archaeological discoveries and field investigations, and then the historical environment vicissitudes features in the study region was extracted from it. From stone age to Han-Jin Dynasty, the climate was wet and the ecological environment was good; human civilization evolved steadily and the inter-regional transportation was convenient, so a strong independent country named Shanshan （Loulan Kingdom） appeared. Since East Jin Dynasty, the climate turned to be dry gradually, consequently the transportation centers and transportation lines were discarded, along with wihich the Loulan Kingdom was ruined; the oasis in the lower reaches of the Tarim River became a sort of inaccessible nomadic hrea. Since the middle of the 18th Century, the climate became wet, this area was under the administration of Turpan administrative zone and a convenient inter-regional transportation was built again. In the end of the 19th Century, the climate became dry again; the transportation and regional administrative connection were interrupted.