从制度经济学视角看中国竞技体育生产制度

A competitive sports production system in China from the perspective of institutional economics

对中国竞技体育"举国体制"的合理性及存在问题、成因予以分析。基于中国竞技体育生产项目资产专用性考察,结合"举国体制"形成的初始条件、竞技体育生产要素禀赋现实来看,中国现行"举国体制"有其存在的一定合理性,但同时存在竞技体育政府组织规模超过其效率边界、处于"悖论"状态制度均衡、竞技体育人力资本产权制度发展滞后等问题。据此提出相应对策与建议:优化竞技体育生产组织规模,发挥中国竞技体育"举国体制"优势;追求预算硬化约束下经济利益和政治利益协调发展;结合产权初始状况和制度环境约束条件,以收益权、使用权改革为突破口,带动竞技体育人力资本产权整体改革、采用"模糊产权"作为竞技体育人力资本产权改革的过渡状态、注重人力资本产权权能适度分解和人力资本所有权与载体结合齐抓并举等推进竞技体育人力资本产权改革的举措。

The authors analyzed the rationalities,problems and causes of the ＂nationwide system＂ for competitive sports in China.Based on their investigation on the exclusivity of asset usage for competitive sports production projects in China,coupled with the reality of initial conditions provided for the formation of the ＂nationwide system＂ and production factors provided for competitive sports,the authors concluded that there are some rationalities for the existence of the ＂nationwide system＂ currently effective in China,but there are also problems such as the scale of governmental competitive sports organization exceeding its efficiency limitations,the institutional equilibrium being in a paradox condition,and the development of the competitive sports human capital property right system being backward,and therefore put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions： optimize the scale of competitive sports production organization and exert the advantages of the ＂nationwide system＂ for competitive sports in China;pursue the harmonious development of economic interests and political interests under the restraint of budget rigidification;promote the overall reform of competitive sports human capital property rights according to the initial conditions of property rights and the restraint conditions of institutional environments by making breakthroughs in the reform of usufructs first;take measures for boosting the reform of competitive sports human capital property rights,such as using ＂fuzzy property rights＂ as a transition state for the reform of competitive sports human capital property rights,and focusing on the concurrent development of the moderate breakdown of the power of human capital property rights and the combination of human capital ownership with carriers.