生态现代化:全球环境革新竞争中的战略选择

Ecological Modernisation: A Strategic Choice in Challenges of Global Environmental Innovation

生态现代化——可以理解为系统性的生态革新与扩散——迄今为止体现着环境改善的最大潜能。一般而言,现代化和革新竞争的市场逻辑以及全球性环境需要的市场潜力,是生态现代化的重要推动力;而最近出现的另外两个因素则构成了其进一步发展的促动性因素:一是明智的环境管治日益突出的重要性,二是全球环境治理行为体架构的日益复杂化使得污染企业的风险扩大,并因此产生促进其生态革新的压力。尽管有这些有利的框架条件,但是生态现代化战略仍然存在一些内在的局限,这些局限包括:市场化技术不可能解决所有环境问题,经济增长("N型曲线"困境)以及"生态现代化失利者"的强力抵制抵消了渐进的环境改善。在这种背景下,环境问题的结构性解决似乎不可或缺。基于此,生态革新应该以管理的转型或环境政策的生态化结构性转变为支撑,后者具有创造性且影响深远,但应该力求避免"创造性破坏"的出现。

＂Ecological Modernisation＂ -- understood as systematic eco - innovation and diffusion has by far shown the largest potential to achieve environmental improvements. In general, the market logic of modernisation and competition for innovation combined with the market potential of global environmental needs serve as important driving forces behind the ecological modernisation. In recent times, however, two additional factors have favoured the rise of ecological modernisation. Firstly, there is a growing evidence for the importance of ＂smart＂ environmental governance. Secondly, the increasingly complex actor constellation of global environmental governance leads to mounting business risks for polluters and thereby exerts pressures for eco - innovation. Despite these favourable framework conditions, the strategy of ecological modernisation nonetheless faces a number of inherent limitations. These include the unavailability of marketable technological solutions for all environmental problems, the neutralisation of incremental environmental improvements through economic growth （the dilemma of the＂N -curve＂） as well as powerbased resistance by＂modernisation losers＂. Against this background, structural solutions seem indispensable. Here, eco - innovations should be supported by transition management or ecological structural policy. The latter should be creative and far- reaching but seek to avoid ＂creative destruction＂.