道德相对主义与逻辑主义

Moral Relativism and Logicism

前现代人不会为道德相对主义而烦忧。道德相对主义问题的凸显与现代人类学研究有关,与全球交往的频繁有关,更与逻辑主义和独断理性主义的奢望有关。知识统一论的坍塌表明,信仰的多样化是人类思想的常态。多元主义不等于相对主义。道德诚然具有相对性,人们只能在特定历史文化情境中进行道德评价和判断,但道德相对主义是荒谬的。道德植根于人们共同生活的需要,植根于人的生活世界和文化,而非植根于逻辑。只需要论证人们可以就公共生活问题达成道德共识,即可摆脱道德相对主义,不能奢望把道德奠基于超验的逻辑之上。在全球交往时代,多数人认同人权原则,便表明道德相对主义是错误的。但人权原则不是什么先验真的原则,而只是靠法治维持的道德共识。全球性的生态危机表明,仅有人权原则已不足以维系人类文明的续存,人类须就环境保护达成道德共识。伦理学须向生态学学习,才能获得更高程度的客观性。

Ancient people would not be troubled by moral relativism.The emergence of moral relativism is closely related to modern anthropology,to close global communication,and especially related to the extravagant hope of logicism and exclusive rationalism.The collapse of theory of knowledge unification indicates that diversity in belief is common.But pluralism is not relativism.Though moral is of relativity,we can only make moral judgment in particular historical and cultural situations.The paper argues that moral relativism is absurd.Moral is rooted in the living world and culture,not in logic.If we achieve moral consensus about public life,we may reject moral relativism.In a time of global communication,the majority of people agree with human right principle,which shows that moral relativism is wrong.But human right is not a transcendental principle,but only a moral consensus kept by law.The global ecological crisis shows that,human rights principle could not sustain the existence of civilization.We should achieve moral consensus of environment protection.That is,ethics should learn from ecology and gain objectivity in a higher level.