试论唐五代内职诸使的等级化

On the Classification of Neizhizhushi(内职诸使) of the Tang and Five Dynasties

在宦官政治发达的形势下,唐代的内职诸使制度不断发展。唐代的内职诸使具有使职的特色,除处于最高级别的枢密使和宣徽使,其他内职诸使之间没有形成明确的高下等级关系。至五代,内职诸使之间逐渐形成明确的高下关系,并且随制度的发展更加严密化、系统化。在整个五代的变化过程中,以后晋为界限,前后王朝内职诸使的等级化现象呈现出不同的趋向。后晋之前主要以职务为主,后晋之后则主要以职阶为主。这种变化与整体内职诸使制度的外官化发展存在互动关系,因而体现于内职诸使的外官化过程之中。

In the context of growth of eunuch politics, the system of neizhizhushi （内职诸使, inner court officials） of the Tang Dynasty developed continuously. Neizhizhushi of the Tang Dynasty show their uniqueness in terms of their positions, in which they formed no specific rank among themselves except for those belonging to highest ranks such as shumishi （枢密使） and xuanhuishi （宣徽使）. Up to the times of the Five Dynasties, there gradually appeared an obvious hierarchy among neizhizhushi, and its strictness and systematization strengthened following the evolution of the system. During the entire transformation of the Five Dynasties, the classification of neizhizhushi demonstrated different directions with the Later Jin Dynasty as a dividing line ： before Later Jin, the change was primarily about duties; after it, primarily about ranks. This transformation had an interaction with the phenomenon of development from entire neizhizhushi to waiguan（ 外官）, and, therefore, appeared in the process of conversion from neizhizhushi to waiguan.