公共成本:权利研究的新视角

Public cost:A New Perspective of Researching Right

长期以来,学界对权利的研究多基于理想层面的可欲性或正当性,而忽略了权利的可行性。实际上,法律权利的实现需要公共成本负担,因而消极权利和积极权利两分法并不适当,一切权利都是积极权利,都需要政府的积极保护。公共资源有限,权利的实现需要权衡,因此具有相对性,而非常见的绝对性。权利具有促进社会整合的功能,私人自由具有公共属性,这从一个新的角度为宪政民主体制做出了论证。需要认真对待权利的公共成本。

The academics world always focus on the desirable and legitimacy of the rights in the idea situation for a long time,at the same time neglect the practicable of the rights.Since the realization of the legal rights needs the public cost bearing,it may impropriety to divide the legal rights into the negative rights and positive rights.All the rights are positive,and they all need the positive protection from the government.The public resources are finite.We must balance the realization of the rights.So,its character is relative,not the absolute.The rights can promote the social integration.The private freedom has the common attributes.This demonstrates the disciplines of constitutional democracy from a new point of view.It needs us to treat the public costs of rights seriously.