中西文化心理模式分析(续)

An Analysis of Psychological Models of Chinese and Western Culture

通常认为中国文化的特点就是天人合一的二元结构,也有天人相分,但最终归于天人合一,乃至天人未分的混沌;而西方文化是神、人、自然的三维结构,三者从未分到分化,最终目标也是重新合为一体,但三者必须经历对立过程,不能退回到未分状态。原始时代,世界各民族都是"天人合一"的,而"天"在此时既是自然,也是神,所以是"自然宗教",因而自然、神、人是浑然一体的。在中国,远古"天人合一"或混沌未分的状态并未被改变,而是沿袭下来。神和自然合称为"天道",其中,神方面和人合为一体则成为"圣人",自然方面和人合一则叫做"真人"。儒家主张做"圣人",道家主张做"真人",这是两种不同意义的天人合一。西方从希腊神话起,代表自然的旧神和代表精神生活的新神开始有了分化,有了"神—人—自然"三维结构的雏形。但这种分化在中世纪基督教和近现代也体现为各种不同方式,从而表现出与中国文化模式不尽相同的特点。

The feature of Chinese culture is normally regarded as ＂Heaven and Man all in one＂, though there are also some cases when they are divided, but ultimately which are all in one, or even chaos where they become a whole. Whereas, western culture is 3-dimension model of god-nature-man where those three issues are from indivisibility to divisibility, and its final aim is to achieve being one entity. But the three items must go through a process of contradictions, where they can＇t go back to the status of being undivided. In ancient times, all nations around the world were ＂Heaven and Man all in one＂ while ＂Heaven＂ referred to both Nature and God, so it was ＂Natural Religion＂, and Nature, God, Man became a whole entity. In China, ancient ＂Heaven and Man all in one＂ or Chaotic undivided situation was not changed, but followed. God and Nature were referred as ＂Heaven-Tao＂, in which the aspects of God and Man amalgamated was ＂Santos＂, and the aspect of Nature and Man amalgamated was called ＂Genuine Human＂. Confucianism promotes being Santos while Taoism promotes being Genuine Human. Those are two different meanings to ＂Heaven and Man all in one＂. In the West, from Greek myth, there developed a division between the old gods representing nature and the new gods representing spiritual lives, and 3D model of ＂God-Nature-Man＂ was constructed. Nevertheless, this division was seen in different means in medieval Christianity and modern times, which reflects different features from Chinese culture.