点面结合、科学规划、适应现代城市灾害特点的防灾减灾新视点——联合国人居署第四届世界城市论坛主题讲演

New perspective of urban disaster prevention and mitigation:integration of part and whole,scientific planning,and adaptation to the characteristics of modern urban disaster

本文基于对汶川地震与日本兵库县南部等近年来国内外地震等灾害的考察研究,总结了近年来现代城市灾害的新特点与新规律,分析了现代城市的灾害新特点,如灾害的复杂性、多样性、广域性以及扩散性和连锁性等。结合对我国城市防灾规划的发展与应用状况的分析和建国以来城市设施机能状况和灾害特征的分析,从城市减灾对策研究、防灾规划与城市规划、加强城市防灾工作对策等方面进行了论述,提出了城市防灾规划的一系列新思路和新举措,例如:1)逐步建立以区域防灾梯级公园、小学防灾据点、社区防灾据点为主体的防灾网状新体系,将防灾规划系统化;2)实施防灾梯级公园建设新体系、建设多功能防灾避难场所,将防灾公园体系化;3)提高单体抗震能力、完善小学防灾据点与社区防灾据点功能;4)加强防灾减灾教育的宣传、提高公民防灾意识,逐步建立和完善区域综合防灾体系。

Based on the site investigations of the Wenchuan Earthquake in China and the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in southern part of Hyogo Prefecture in Japan,the characteristics or patterns of urban disasters in recent years were summarized and analyzed.These new characteristics included the complexity,the diversity,the extensiveness,the diffusion and the chain reaction of the disasters.Combining with the development and application status of disaster prevention planning in China,the status of urban facilities,the properties of urban disasters,and several aspects of urban disaster prevention were discussed,including countermeasures of urban disaster mitigation and the relationship between city planning and disaster prevention panning.The way of improving urban disaster prevention was also investigated.A series of new perspectives were proposed,such as rational disaster planning,building refuge parks,improving school-based prevention or community-based prevention strongholds,enhancing civic awareness of disaster prevention.