城镇就业压力与计划经济在中国的历史命运

Pressure of Urban Employment and the Historical Destiny of Planned Economy in China

新中国成立初期严重的城镇失业,是推动新中国逐渐走上计划经济道路的一个重要因素,但优先发展重工业战略和国营经济这两大维系计划经济的"经济性"因素,却抑制了城镇就业的扩大,加上计划经济发展的畸变,城镇就业的压力越来越大,最终在1979年后引发严重就业危机。城镇非公有制经济和多样化的体制外就业方式也由此开始出现,推动中国沿着市场化的改革道路发展。1992年党的十四大确立了社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标,但在建立和完善社会主义市场经济的过程中,计划与市场的关系并没有完结。如何在市场经济的基础上构建有效干预经济社会发展的科学的计划体制,仍是当代中国发展中的一个重大问题。

The serious urban unemployment in the early days of New China was one of the important factors that led China gradually onto the road of planned economy. However, the two ＂economic＂ factors of giving priority to heavy industry and state-owned economy, that maintained the planned economy, hindered the growth of urban employment. Aggravated by the distortion in the development of Chinese planned economy, the pressure of urban employment became more and more serious, leading ultimately to the crisis of employment in 1979. During the process of solving the crisis, the non-public sectors of the economy and various ways of employment outside the official structure began to appear, which pushed China to develop along the read of market-oriented reform. The ob- jective of establishing a socialist market economy was adopted at the Fourteenth National Congress of the CPC in 1992, yet it didn＇t put an end to the entangled relations between planning and market. It remains to be a question of vital importance in contemporary China how to construct, on the basis of a market economy, a scientific planning system capable of effectively intervening in socio-eeonomie development.