从“养士用士”到稷下学宫——兼论先秦时期私立大学形成的过程

From Culture and Employ A Shi to Jixia Academy:A Consideration to the Come into Being of Private Universities before Qin Dynasty

先秦时期,学术文化的下移促进了"士"阶层的形成,而"养士用士"是先秦时期私立大学形成的渊源。稷下学宫是齐国在战国时期由"养士用士"而发展起来的一所著名的高等学府,是兼具官、私两种性质的学术研究型大学。稷下学宫具有服务于社会政治和经济的职能;其组织结构类似于现代大学的组织结构;并具有政府投资办校、学者办学的分权组织结构模式。稷下学宫也是一所具有现代大学理念雏形的综合型大学。因此,中国古代私立大学在形成和起步阶段,就已奠定了类似于现代大学制度的基础。

Before Qin dynasty,＂Shi＂,a social stratum in ancient China,between senior officials and the common people,come into being,which was accelerated by the academic popularization.It was the origin of the private colleges that culture and employ of a Shi that time.Through this way,＂Jixia＂ academy,a famous state owned and privately run ancient institute in Qi state was developed in Warring States Period.It was a research university which has both public and private characteristic.＂Jixia＂ academy had the function for serving both politics and economy,and its structure resembled with modern universities nowadays.It had the combined structure mode of government investment and scholar running.Thus,we can make a conclusion that private universities have laid the foundation of a modern university in the start-up periods in ancient China.