中国护理教育规模结构与护理人力需求的研究与思考

Education capacity of nursing schools and the needs to nurses in China

目的:了解我国护理起始教育规模结构与社会对护理人力的需求。方法:采用文件查阅和问卷调查法收集护理教育办学信息,全国护士数量和护士执业资格考试等信息,采用咨询法征集有关专家的意见。结果:近年来我国护理起始教育招生规模巨大;教育的层次结构有所改善,大专和本科所占比例明显提高,但中专所占比例仍然过大;医疗单位对护士的需求总量增加,其中对中专生的需求量减少,对大专和本科生的需求量增加;护士人力资源有所改善但仍然短缺;通过执业资格考试的人数远远超过执业护士的增长人数。结论:近年来我国护理教育规模发展迅速,但教育的层次结构与用人单位的需求差距较大,有待改善;各种因素导致护理人力短缺,应予以关注。

Objective： To investigate the education capacity of nursing schools and the needs to nurses in China. Methods： Review of statistic data from the provincial and state governments, and collect relevant data employing questionnaires designed by the authors. Results： Scale of nursing education at three levels for entering nursing （baccalaureate degree, advanced diploma and secondary diploma） has expanded fast in recent years. The needs of hospitals for nurses increased, especially for nurses with higher educational preparations, while the needs for secondary diploma holders decreased. The total number of nurses increased, while there is still a nursing shortage in China. The number of nursing graduates who passed the national examination for registered nurse and obtained the license for practice nursing was much larger than the increase of the number of nurses in China, which indicating expansion of education alone can not release nursing shortage. Conclusion： Nursing education needs to be upgraded to meet the needs from the manpower market. Since nursing shortage can not be solved by simply increasing the supply of nurses, multiple factors contributing to the issue need to be dealt with.