清代东南中国海上失事民船的救助与管理

Salvage and Management of Civilian Vessels at Sea Accidents in the Southeast of China in the Qing Dynasty

清康熙二十三年(1684)开海后,随着民间海洋经济活动的活跃,海上失事民船日渐增多。针对这种状况,清朝于开海之初即颁布了海上失事民船的救助与管理规定,直至光绪朝前,这些规定一直是进行失事民船救助与管理的制度基础。这些以官方力量为主的救助与管理规定,在实践过程中,尤其在失事民船救助方面,产生了众多的弊病,特别是其远不能适应晚清开放通商后复杂的海上救助环境,这促使光绪朝做出改革海上救助制度的重大举措。海上救助与管理制度是清王朝管理海洋社会经济的组成部分,它的艰难演进从一个侧面折射出中国海洋社会经济发展的曲折道路。

After opening the sea in 1684 during the Reign of Emperor Kangxi,crash of civilian vessels at sea was increasing accompany with the folks＇ marine economic activities increasing in the southeast of China.In response to the situation,the government of Qing Dynasty has enacted the clauses of the salvage and management on crashing civilian vessels during the beginning of the opening sea.Up to Guangxu period,these provisions have been carrying out as the institutional basis of salvage and management on the crashed privately owned boats.However,the regulations,particularly those in the salvage of crashed civilian vessels,which were mainly based on the official strength,resulted in numerous ills during the practice.It was getting worse after the complex open trade in the late Qing Dynasty,and could not adapt to maritime rescue environment any more.It promoted Emperor Guangxu to make much effort on reforming the system of salvage.The salvage at sea and the management system was an integral part of the Qing Dynasty to manage marine economy,and its difficult evolution reflects from one side the tortuous road of the China＇s marine socio-economic development.