从支配到和解:焦虑的启蒙主体性之走向

From Domination to Compromise:the Course of Agitated Enlightenment Subjectivity

主体性哲学既不是近黄昏,更不是已死亡,而是需要重新检思和挖掘。从作为生命基本情绪的焦虑和恐惧视角出发,可以更好地探寻启蒙主体性的内在困境及其求解路径。启蒙主体是一种支配性主体,是出于对他者焦虑与恐惧而作出的猎取和占有,是内在不健康、孱弱和不自信的表现。于是,启蒙就是克服焦虑、恐惧的过程,而主体就是面对引发焦虑和恐惧的诸多陌生他者所发明的一个起遏制和克服作用的工具。焦虑和恐惧是主体之为主体的情感奥秘。如何克服启蒙主体性的这种弊端,霍克海默与阿多诺提供的思路是"和解",哈贝马斯进一步的方案是"交往理性",相比之下,福柯晚年提供的调整、完善内在自我本身的路向显得较为深刻。

The philosophy of subjectivity is neither approaching to its dusk, nor already reached the end, but really requires methodologically revision, or even systematically investigation. In order to find out the place where the inner crisis locates in enlightenment subjectivity and the corresponding so- lution, the basic sentiments, such as fear and agitation, could become a new starting point for our in- quiry. The essence of subject in enlightenment is domination, which originated from the fear of others with the desire of occupation and manifests itself as unhealthy, weak, diffident psychological phenom- enon. Hereby, enlightenment is a kind of progress to overcome them, meanwhile, the subject plays as an instrument which was invented to restrain the negative emotions when it was facing to foreign oth- ers. Fear and agitation are the mysterious emotions to make the subject as it is. How to remove the crisis of enlightenment subjectivity？ Horkheimer and Adorno insist on the path of compromise, but Habermas resorts to communicative rationality, relatively, it seems like the inner conditioned consummated subject which was suggested by M. Foucault at his elder age implies a better solution.