从国家到地方:清代江南的府县秩序与行政控制

A Preliminary Survey on the Local Administration and Social Control of Jiangnan Delta During the Qing Dynasty

清代中国的地方行政,制度描述与实践操作固然存在着较大的差异,但限于史料,一直很难予以全面廓清。现存不少的牧令书及从政心得体会,不可能在行政实践方面提供太多的史事例证。在太平天国战争后,清代地方行政的变动较大,一般研究中甚至出现了国家权力下移与"地方自治"的概念逻辑。其实这并不符合历史实际。江南的湖州地区,受战乱的影响至为深重,政府面临着重整地方行政、恢复经济和稳固社会秩序的重任。其地方府县关系出现了不少冲突,知府宗源瀚与长兴知县赵定邦之间的矛盾是其主要体现。知府在地方行政中有着承上启下的重要作用,但真正面临州县级的棘手问题时,仍需借助更高一级国家权力机构的力量,方能得以解决。从国家到地方的垂直控制系统的牢固性,没有因为战乱的破坏而有所撼动。而府与县之间的矛盾冲突,正隐含了地方政府的行政实践及其与国家相关制度描述的差距,也为了解清代地方政治生态与行政实践等内容,提供了极好的例证。

Although it＇s important and difficult topic that the differences showed between the system and practice with the local administration and social control was put in force by the Qing empire, few studies could explain them fully. After the Taiping Rebellion, the local government changed so great- ly that many studies considered the national power descended to the local, then the local autonomy was brought forward certainly. In fact, these opinions were not accord with historical reality. This article paid more attention to Huzhou prefecture where suffered from the Taiping Rebellion deeply, and the newly appointed zhifu（知府） Zong Yuanhan was confronted with many difficulties came from reforming local administration, resuming economy and fixing social order. The contradiction occurred often between zhifu and zhixian（知县）. It was needs help form high-grade government to deal with these troublesome things for Zong. The vertical control system of national power was not destroyed all the same by the ease of Huzhou, and the contradiction between zhifu and zhixian showed the difference from the local administrative practice and national intuition description.