煤炭开发的资源环境累积效应

Cumulative Effects of Coal Mine Development on Resources and Environment

为揭示煤炭开发的资源环境累积效应,选择有代表性矿区,以煤炭开发过程中各种人类活动及其对矿区资源和生态环境影响分析为主线,依据系统科学的基本原理,讨论了煤炭开发的资源环境效应特征、累积影响源、途径及效应类型,结合多位研究人员在潞安、淮南、平顶山、兖州等矿区的研究实践,总结了用于煤炭开发资源环境效应定量评价的地理信息系统方法、对地观测和遥感遥测信息采集方法、图表方法、数学模型方法、计算机模拟及实验室试验方法、综合方法,给出兖州矿区土地塌陷的时空演变、淮南矿区沉降、平顶山矿区时序景观分类、潞安矿区资源-环境-经济系统因果关系部分分析图形,给出基于场论的矿区生态环境累积影响分析技术路线、思路及部分定量评价成果。理论和实践表明,煤炭开发活动具有较强的时间持续性、空间扩展性,开发周期长,对矿区资源环境系统扰动形式多,影响来源广,机制复杂。在可持续发展的要求下,传统煤炭开发环境影响评价暴露了许多自身的缺陷,进行累积效应分析研究具有必要性、迫切性及可行性。

The cumulative effects of coal exploitation on resources and environment are studied in this paper through an analysis of human activities and environment changes in representative mine areas. Based on studies in Lu＇an,Huainan,Pingdingshan,and Yanzhou mining areas,related quantitative assessment methods for coal mine development are reviewed,including Geographic Information System,Earth Observation and Remote Sensing and Telemetry Information Acquisition,together with chart,mathematics models,computer simulation and laboratory testing and the integrated methods. The spatio -temporal evolution of land subsidence in Yanzhou coal mining area,the subsidence interferogram in Huainan mining area,the time series mining landscape classification in Pingdingshan mining area,and some causal relationships between resources,environment and economic system in Lu＇an mining area were obtained. Based on the field theory,the technology route,ideas and some quantitative assessment results are proposed for analyzing the ecology and environment cumulative effects impacts. Theories and practices both demonstrate that the coal exploitation activities have features of time persistency,space scalability,long development cycle,many forms of mining area environment system perturbation,wide impacts source and complex mechanism. For the sustainable development,the traditional environment impact assessment of coal mine development shows many defects,therefore,it is essential,urgent and feasible to carry out analysis of cumulative effects.