中国血吸虫病流行农村地区卫生厕所施工管理状况分析

Sanitary latrine construction in countryside households in schistosomiasis epidemic areas of China

目的:了解中国血吸虫病流行地区卫生厕所施工管理状况,以及其对卫生厕所建造质量的影响。方法:在湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、江苏、云南、四川7个省,每省随机抽取2个流行县,每县选取2个完成改厕的流行村,1个未完成改厕的村,进行村级调查。在已经完成改厕的村,每村随机抽取30个农户家庭进行现场调查。结果:家庭卫生厕所为村里组织或上级委派的施工队建造的占90.3%,参与卫生厕所建造的施工单位(个人)有90.0%经过了相关的专业技术培训,有67.5%具有建造资质,上级单位委派施工队建造的三联式沼气池式卫生厕所占74.0%,村委会组织施工队建造的三格化粪池式卫生厕所占89.8%,34.4%的三格化粪池式卫生厕所地下部分建造设计和49.3%的三格化粪池式卫生厕所第一、二、三格容积比例符合《血吸虫病流行地区农村改厕技术规范(试行)》三格化粪池厕所的设计与施工要求。结论:中国血吸虫病流行农村地区,由上级政府委派施工队和村委会组织施工队建造是家庭卫生厕所建造施工的主要方式,三格化粪池式卫生厕所地下部分的合格率偏低,第一、二、三格容积比例不当是影响三格化粪池式卫生厕所地下部分建造质量的主要因素,应该加强施工队伍的培训和施工的监督管理。

Objective To explore the construction management and to assess its influences on quality of sanitary latrine construction in schistosomiasis epidemic areas.Methods 2 counties per province were sampled randomly from total 7 provinces with schistosomiasis including Hunan,Hubei,Jiangxi,Anhui,Jiangsu,Yunnan and Sichuan,then 2 villages built with sanitary latrines and 1 village without were selected,in which 30 households were randomly selected as respondents.Results 90.3% of the sanitary latrines were built by the construction working teams which were organized or supervised by the village committees or higher-up.90.0% of the workers have technical training experiences,while 67.5% of them have been certificated.74.0% of the sanitary latrines with three-unit methane pool have been constructed by the working team accredited by higher-up organizations,while 89.8% of those with three-case-cesspools were built by the working teams organized by the village committees.34.4% of the design and implementation of underground parts and volume proportion of the three cases of the toilets with three-case-cesspools meet the requirements of Technical Criterion of Sanitary Construction in Schistosomiasis Epidemic Areas（Protocol）.Conclusion Village committees or higher-up departments organizing construction working teams for building sanitary latrine is the main implementation model in schistosomiasis epidemic areas.The qualified rate of the design and implementation of underground parts of the sanitary latrine with three-case-cesspools is still low because of unsuitable proportion of cesspool cases.Therefore,training and supervision on construction design and implementation should be strengthened to guarantee quality of sanitary latrines.