自由与责任的深层悖论——浅析萨特“存在主义的人道主义”概念

The Underlying Antinomy of Freedom and Responsibility:An Analysis of Sartre's "The Humanism of Existentialism"

萨特提出"存在主义的人道主义"概念,强调人在社会生活中必须贯彻自由与责任的统一。萨特是在对人的自由、行动、责任、价值的理解中来定义存在主义的。一方面,他将人的气质、性格等等可能影响意志而不受意志控制的内在因素都排除在道德评价之外;另一方面又以人的意志绝对自由而拒绝承认任何外在因素对"承担责任"的影响。这使他既在康德哲学和黑格尔哲学之间进退失据,也没有为自由与责任的统一找到一个坚实的基础。萨特的思想不可避免地存在着深层次的悖论与困境,其价值仅仅在于对道德实践主体的彰显,但从根底上缺乏对具体道德实践的指导意义。

To avoid existentialism falling into a dilemma of nihilism of life philosophy, Sartre brings up the concept that ＂existentialism is a humanism＂ and stresses that man should implement the unity of freedom and responsibility in life and society. Sartre defines existentialism in the context of freedom, action, responsibility and value, and argues that such internal factors as temperament and personality that are not under the control of will but may affect will should be excluded from moral evaluation on the one hand and refuses the influence of any external factors on ＂assuming responsibility＂ due to the absolute freedom of human will on the other hand. As a result, Sartre falls into a dilemma between Kant＇s philosophy and Hegel＇s philosophy and fails to find a solid foundation for the unity of freedom and responsibility. An inci- sive analysis of Sartre＇s interpretation of this philosophical issue will reveal that his argument has an underlying antinomy, that is, its value embodies only the subject of moral practice but it has no guiding significance to moral practice.