日汉间接指称类自称词的对比研究——以日语“人”和汉语“人”“人家”“别人”为例

A Contrastive Study of the Self-addressing Use of Indirect Referring Expressions in Japanese and Chinese

日语"人"和汉语"人""人家""别人"都有自称用法。汉语"人""别人"在句法分布上具有互补性,其间接指称程度上与"人家"不在同一层次,因此与日语"人"更有可比性。日语"人"和汉语"人"在用于自称时有3点不同:1)日语"人"只能用于表达不满、责怪、生气等感情的语境,而汉语"人"除此之外还可用于加强可信度或影响力等语境;2)日语"人"的语义侧重强调"外人、别人",而汉语"人"的语义除此之外还可指"所有人";3)汉语经常通过与"所有人"建立关联来表达属性的客观普遍性,而日语一般多用自然或自发的状态来描写属性,不凸显"人"的要素。

Hito in Japanese and ren,renjia and bieren in Chinese can all be used to refer to self.Complementary in syntactic distribution,ren and bieren are not on a par with renjia in terms of indirect reference and therefore have a higher comparability with Japanese hito.In self-addressing usage,there are three differences between Chinese ren and Japanese hito: 1) hito can only be used to express dissatisfaction,disapproval and displeasure,while ren can also be used to indicate evidentiality or influence;2) hito inclines toward the meaning of 'others',while ren also covers the meaning of 'everyone';3) Chinese often conveys the meaning of genericity as regards some property through showing its association with 'everyone',while Japanese inclines toward naturalness and spontaneity in its description of a property.