论人类心理的普遍性水平

Levels of Human Mental Universality

人类的心理具有普遍性,这是西方主流心理学研究的前提。但是,西方主流心理学家并没有深入探讨人类心理的普遍性水平。美国心理学家Cole(1996)和Resnick(1994)曾把人的心理比作工具箱,把认知、情绪和动机等心理过程视为心理工具箱里的工具。根据跨文化心理学家的研究,我们可以看到,这些心理过程如各种工具一样,有些是某个群体的成员所特有的;有些则是每个群体的成员所共有的,出现的频率及被激活的条件也基本相同;有些虽然是每个群体的成员所共有的,但出现的频率及被激活的条件不同;还有一些出现的频率不同但被激活的条件相同,由此体现出人类心理的不同的普遍性水平。

The mainstream western psychology is based on the premise that there exist some universals in human mentality. However, the mainstream western psychologists failed to explore the levels of human metal universality. Cole （1996） and Resnick （1994） once compared human mentality to a toolbox and regarded the mental processes like cognition, emotion, and motivation as the tools in the box. According to this analogy and the researches of cross-cuhural psychologists, human mental universality can be divided into the following four levels ： 1 ） some mental processes are possessed only by members of a certain group ; 2） some are shared by members of each group, and have the same frequencies of presence and the same conditions for getting activated ; 3 ） some are possessed by members of each group, but have different frequencies of presence and different conditions for getting activated; 4） some are possessed by members of each group, which have different frequencies of presence but the same conditions for getting activated.