探究解决问题与创造的奥秘——兰达论解决问题与思维方法

Explore the Mystery of Problem-solving and Creativity ——Landa on Problem-solving and Thinking Method

问题解决不仅是一个选择过程,更是一个有目的的搜索过程。在确定的范围里的搜索有两种类型,基于选择的搜索和基于逐一接触的搜索,其中基于选择的搜索是由一系列选择和随后对被选择对象进行检验所构成的;而在未确定的范围里搜索,展现的是一种左右环顾、四处查看和自由回想的过程。问题的基本类型是由问题解决活动中的思维过程的基本特点所决定的。算法、半算法、半启发式和启发式四种问题划分同解决过程的特征紧密相联系,同时也同问题解决过程中操作指令和内容指令的差异有关。

Problem solving is a process of purposeful search rather than a choice process. There are two types of search in the predetermined field： search based on choices and search based on consecutive contacts with objects, in which search based on choice consists of a series of choice with the subsequent testing of the chosen object; While search in an undefined field represents a process of roving aimed at coming across or recalling some real or ideal object. The basic problem types depend on the basic features of the cognitive processes in the problem-solving activity. The distinction of four types of problems （algorithm, semi-algorithm, semi-heuris- tic and heuristic） is closely related to the features of problem-solving process, and the variety of the operational and content prescrip- tions regulating the solution process.