红山巫师:被完整考古资料形成物证链锁定的阶层

Wizards of the Red Mountain:A Class Identified by Complete Archaeological Evidences

随着红山文化遗址考古资料的不断涌现,该时期巫师阶层存在的考证,从已有的"坛冢庙"遗址到墓葬人体;从巫师使用的法器到玉人巫师形象的出土,已经形成一个完整的物证链,充分证实了红山巫师阶层的存在。其一,红山文化积石冢数量众多,主次分明,这种等级鲜明的墓葬分化,在史前考古中尚属首见,客观反映出红山先民祖先崇拜的思想观念。其二,红山文化中的女神庙,在结构布局上体现出原始宗庙具有的封闭性和神秘性,作为红山人祭祖的场所,着实见证了巫师阶层的出现。其三,红山文化遗址中的两处祭坛,虽然使用功能各有不同,但均是红山先民举行祭祀天地活动的圣地,体现出部落联盟公共活动的特点。其四,从红山文化遗址发掘出的诸多玉器中,有数件法器、礼器和神器当为神职人员祭祀时所用,从巫玉角度看,再次佐证了当时巫师的存在。其五,红山文化首次发现的玉立人像,是考释巫师存在的有力物证,从巫师的真实形象中,说明其宗教地位崇高而绝对。此外,从盛极一时,集祭坛、女神庙、积石冢三位一体宏大的宗教圣地推断,红山文化时期应该存在一个巫师阶层,也正是由于这些巫师频繁的祭祀活动,才真正推动了当时宗教文明的发展。

The more and more archaeological evidences unearthed from the remains of the Red Mountain culture have proven the existence of wizard class, from the existed ＂Tanrong temple＂ to burial bodies. A complete evidence link ranges from ritual compliments to jade wizards, which has provides a solid support for the existence of wizard class in the mountain. Firstly, a large number of cairns with clear classes are dug out for the first time, which reflects the ancestors＇ worship for their forefathers. Secondly, the goddess temple represents in its layout the closeness and mystery of ancient temples, which witnessed the emerging wizard class as the place for worshipping their forefathers. Thirdly, two altars differed in function, but they remained the holy land where the ancestors offered sacrifices to Heaven and Earth and became a public place of tribal alliance. Fourthly, many carved jades such as services, ritual compliments and instruments were all used by clergies. Fifthly, the jade standing body gave the power evidence for wizard whose holy religious status was presented in his vivid image. In addition, we can conclude that the flourish religious holy land integrating altar, goddess temple and cairn was the sacrifice activity place for wizards the class and pushed the progress of religious civilization at that time.