类推：当代德国法中的证立方法

Analogy:Evidence Justificating Method in German Legislation

类推是一种基于相似性的证立方法,文章在区分类推之结构与功能的前提下展开。类推的特别结构是:它以一项调整与待决案件相似事实的既有规范(类推基础)为出发点,通过一般化得出一项适用范围更广的规范,从而将待决案件涵括其下。类比"推理"并不符合严格的逻辑要求,其法律确信度取决于类推基础的一般化是否足以令人信服。应与类推结构相区分的是它的功能,它作为证立手段,既服务于狭义的法律适用,亦可作为法官进行法律续造的手段。一直以来,默示类推与明示类推都是德国联邦最高法院民事判决中的证立形式之一,大多数类推的适用与拒绝都是以结果导向为前提进行目的衡量的产物。区分类推的结构与功能同样有助于解决刑法和行政法领域的类推问题。

Analogy is an evidence justifying method based on similarity.This article is spread by distinguishing the structure and function of analogy.The special structure of analogy is that：it starts from a similarly established norm（analogical base） concerning the case which is to be adjusted and settled,reaches a more extensive application of it by generalization method in order to include the case to be settled.The ＂reasoning＂ of analogy is not strictly logic and its legal credibility is decided by that of the generalization.The function of it is different from its structure and as an evidence justifying method,it serves the law in a narrow sense as well as the judge in settling cases.Over time,implicit and explicit analogy is applied in the Supreme Court of Germany in the sentence of civil cases and whether or not to adopt the method is decided according to the possible result.To distinguish the structure and function of it also helps to solve problems in criminal law or administrative law.