学生与国家：五四学生的集体认同及政治转向

Students and the Nation:The May Fourth Students’ Collective Identity and their Politicization

五四前夕学生集体身份的建构遵循着一个自上而下和自下而上的双向互动过程,有着强烈国民身份意识的新学生因此而大量出现。在五四运动的高潮阶段,国民身份意识是主导五四学生的最高身份意识。中国政府和社会精英对五四学生国民身份意识的培养与灌输,在很大程度上具有"刻意而为之"的倾向。五四学生的国民身份意识是促使学生运动政治转向的内在诱因,学生运动的政治激进化超越了北京政府的可控范围。结果,当局者往往无法控制那些具有强烈国民身份意识的学生群体。在五四运动后期,学生界面临国民身份意识与学生身份意识的认同困惑,社会舆论对学生的身份资格也发生各种争论,客观上促进了学生界的思想分化。在此背景下,1920年春北京政府对干政学生的身份界定,不仅暂时有效地取缔了学生运动,也是对其在此之前刻意提倡学生国民身份意识行为的一次否定。

On the eve of the May Fourth Movement,student collective identity was taking form through two interacting processes—one acting from the top down and the other from the bottom up—which produced great numbers of students with a strong sense of national identity.At the height of the May Fourth Movement,national identity was the paramount sense of identity guiding the students’ activities.The Chinese government and social elites went out of their way to cultivate and indoctrinate students with a sense of national identity.This sense of national identity was an inherent inducement for the May Fourth students to politicize,and the political radicalization of the student movement outstripped the Beijing government’s ability to control it.As a result,the authorities often could not control groups of students who had a strong sense of national identity.In the late stages of the May Fourth Movement,student circles were facing a confusion between their national and student identities,and public opinion was also divided over the students’ status and qualifications.This had an objective fragmentary effect on ideology in student circles.It was against this background that the Beijing government’s regulation of the status of politicized students in the spring of 1920 not only effectively rooted out the student movement for a while,but also repudiated the government’s previous deliberate promotion of national identity among students.