通过试验制定政策：中国独具特色的经验

Policy Formulation through Experiments:China's Unique Experience

中国政府在经济转型过程中经常运用一种"试点"的方法,即允许地方政府根据当地实际情况摸索各种解决问题的方法,成功的地方经验会被吸收到中央制定的政策中,继而在全国范围推而广之。这种被称为"由点到面"的工作方法是中国政策制定过程中的一个独特之处,通过这种中央和地方互动的方式,地方的创新精神被有机地融合到中央主导的政策制定过程中,从而提高了中国政府整体的创新能力和适应能力。中国这种独特的政策制定模式可称为"分级制政策试验"(experimentation under hierarchy),构成这一模式的核心部分是"试点"和"由点到面",这两种方法是中国共产党在革命战争时期特殊的历史条件下经过反复实践确定下来的,并在吸收当时非共产党人士所进行的社会实验的经验基础上逐步完善成熟。探索这一历史根源,还原其发展过程,能更好地理解中国独具特色的政策制定方式。

In the process of China's economic transformation the Chinese government has often employed a method of'experimental points',that is,the central government allows the local governments to explore various solutions according to local conditions,the successful local experiences will be absorbed into the policies formulated by the central authorities and then spread nationwide.In the course of my study of how the Chinese policies are formulated I found this working method known as'proceeding prom point to surface'is unique;through interaction between the central and local levels, the local government's innovations are organically integrated into the policy-making process guided by the central government,thus improving the Chinese government's overall capabilities of innovation and adaptation.This unique policy-formulating mode in China can be called'experimentation under hierarchy', the core of which consists of'experimental points'and'proceeding prom point to surface'. The two methods were adopted by the Chinese Communists after repeated practice under special historical conditions during the revolutionary wars and gradually improved and matured on absorbing the experience of social experiments conducted by non-Communist personages.Exploration of this historical origin and restoration of the developmental process will enable us to have a better understanding of China's unique policy-making mode.